In a report published today by the Institute of Race Relations (IRR) the government has failed to do this because Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) policies – commonly referred to as ‘affirmative action’ – benefit only a small elite. This is clear from the IRR’s most recent opinion poll on BEE, which was carried out in September 2016 as a follow-up to a similar field survey the previous year.
The IRR’s 2016 field survey shows that 13% of black people have benefited from employment equity, 14% have gained from BEE ownership deals, and 9% have been awarded BEE tenders. In addition, 15% of blacks have benefited from land reform, of whom many have opted for cash payments rather than land. Overall, some 14% of black South Africans have benefited from BEE, whereas 86% have not.
The survey also demonstrates that most black South Africans have little interest in land reform. Whereas the ANC claims that a public clamour for land is forcing is to embark on expropriation for little or no compensation, the survey shows that:
• 0.5% of blacks regard slow progress with land reform as an important unresolved problem;
• 0.1% identify skewed land ownership as a key cause of inequality; and
• 1% think ‘more land reform’ would best help them get ahead.
The field survey also asked if people would ‘prefer a political party which focuses on faster growth and more jobs, or one which focuses on land expropriation to redress past wrongs’. In reply, 84% of blacks opted for the former and a mere 7% for the latter.
Since BEE is failing, what should take its place? The answer lies in a new system of ‘economic empowerment for the disadvantaged’ or ‘EED’. This would put its primary emphasis on rapid economic growth, plus millions of new jobs.
The IRR says an EED policy would empower people by giving them tax-funded vouchers for education, housing, and health care. Instead of having to rely on a failing state, people could then send their children to the schools of their choice, start buying or upgrading their own homes, and take out insurance and other cover for costly medical treatment.
The IRR’s 2016 field survey asked whether people would like to have these tax-funded vouchers. More than 83% of black respondents endorsed the idea, while 74% said these vouchers would be more effective than current BEE policies in helping them to get ahead.
Under an EED system, business would earn voluntary EED points for the vital economic contributions they make to investment, employment, innovation, and tax revenues. They would also earn EED points for topping up tax-funded vouchers for the poorest, or otherwise helping people gain access to high quality education, housing, and health care.
So long as damaging BEE rules remain in place, South Africa will continue to lag behind most other African states. In 2017 South Africa’s growth rate is projected to reach 1.1% of GDP, but this is far below the rates expected for Ethiopia (8.9% of GDP), Cote d’Ivoire (8.0%), Ghana (7.5%), Senegal (6.8%) and Rwanda (6.0%).
That South Africa, with its huge mineral wealth and many other economic advantages, has fallen so far behind the rest of the continent provides some measure of the damage that BEE has done. To reverse this situation, the country needs an urgent shift from BEE to EED.
